Chapter 1 Campbell Biology 11th Edition Vocabulary Flashcards

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 1: The Study of Life Flashcards

Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . . then" logic of a prediction and state the role of a prediction in
the process of designing an investigation.
13. Explain the difference between observational and experimental investigations.
14. Explain the difference between the control group and the experimental group
in a controlled experiment.
15. Explain the difference between the controlled variables, the independent variable,
and the dependent variable(s).
16. Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative data and give examples
of each.
17. Explain the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis.
18. Be able to name the three Domains by which all living organisms are classified, and what organisms belong to each. Recognize the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya
Domains: Bacteria - all unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms w/ peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Archaea - all unicellular prokaryotic organisms; live in extreme environments
Eukarya - consist of unicellular and multicellular organisms w/ a nucleus
Kingdom - Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
* Protista - algae, protozoa, slime molds
19. Be able to state the Theory of Natural Selection and how it effects evolution of a species.
20. Be able to give the steps the scientific method when given a simple experiment with results. Distinguish between results (data) and conclusion!
Be able to answer multiple choice questions at the end of the chapter.

882449669	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth		1
882170720	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix		2
882170715	Biology	The scientific study of life		3
882170716	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.		4
882170717	Systems Biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.		5
882170719	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.		6
882170718	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.		7
882170721	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).		8
882170722	Gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.		9
882170723	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.		10
882449670	Biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.		11
882449671	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them		12
882449672	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.		13
882449673	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.		14
882449674	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature		15
882449675	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.		16
882449676	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.		17
882449677	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.		18
882449678	Organelles	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.		19
882449679	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.		20
882449680	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.		21
882449681	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.		22
882449682	Positive Feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.		23
882449683	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.		24
882449684	Inductive Reasoning	Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules		25
882449685	Data	Recorded observations.		26
882449686	Hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.		27
882449687	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.		28
882449688	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.		29
882449689	Dependent Variable	It is something that depends on other factors.		30
882449690	Independent Variable	It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.		31
882449691	Theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.		32
882449692	What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development		33
882449693	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.		34
882449694	Why is Biology a Science?	Biology is a science since it takes care to interpret the nature, according to the scientific method, which establishes the resolution of hypotheses raised by the researcher, by means of using different techniques for the creation of representative models of nature.		35
882449695	Distinguish between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific cases and deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.		36
882449696	What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observe 2. Research 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze results and draw conclusions 6. Report your findings 7. Conduct more research		37
882449697	What is the difference between hypothesis, theory and law?	The Difference between a Hypothesis a Theory and a Law there are very distinct. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. A theory is a statement that has not been tested. A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.		38
882449698	What is the difference between observational and experimental investigations?	Observational investigations do not manipulate data		39
882449699	What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?	Quantitative data includes recorded measurements which can be organized into tables or graphs and qualitative data would include observations		40
882449700	What is the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis?	The conclusion is a statement about the experiment's results. As a report of your data, it can't be considered wrong even if the results don't support your hypothesis. You have learned that your hypothesis does not answer your original research question.		41
882449701	What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?	Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya		42
882449702	What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?	Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista		43
882449703	What are Bacteria?	All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls		44
882449704	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.		45
882449705	How do we distinguish between results(data) and conclusions?	Results are measurable data and a conclusion is a report about what you learned based on w the results		46
886715808	Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?	Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.		47
886715809	Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant?	Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring.		48
913857457	Define Biology? What is the definition of Biology	Biology is the scientific study of life		49
913857458	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA		50
913857459	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population		51
913857460	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus		52
913857461	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles		53
913857462	What is deductive reasoning?	Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions		54
913857463	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development		55
913857464	What is reductionism?	The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.		56
913857465	What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs and Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules		57
913857466	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life		58
913857467	What is a theory?	A theory is a statement that has not been tested		59
913857468	What is a law?	A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.		60
913857469	What is a hypothesis?	A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested		61
913857470	What are data?	Data are recorded observations or items of information		62
913857471	Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokayotic?	Archaea		63
913857472	The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from....	The sun		64
913857473	Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?	Fungi		65
913857474	All the organisms on a campus make up...	a community		66

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Chapter 1 Campbell Biology 11th Edition Vocabulary Flashcards

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